Afrikaans is a version of Dutch that evolved out of a South Holland dialect brought here in the 1600s. Over the centuries it has picked up many influences from African languages, as well as from European colonial languages such as English, French and German. More than half (50.2%) of Afrikaans speakers are coloured, 40% are white, 9% black and just 1% Indian.
The contrast between first language and second language is shown in the maps at right. While the geographical pattern of dominant first languages neatly conforms to the facts of history and urbanisation, the picture of second languages is more complicated, more of a mess.
Talk Now 102 Languages 13
Language is fluid, especially in South Africa. Our languages are and have been for centuries in a constant swirl, mixed by work, migration, education, urbanisation, the places we live, friendship and marriage.
The dominant language of the Eastern Cape, isiXhosa is also the second-largest language in South Africa after isiZulu. It is an Nguni language, like isiNdebele, isiZulu and siSwati, but also shows some influence from the Khoekhoe languages.
Sesotho is the language of the Free State, and the first language of 3,798,915 South Africans, or 7.6% of the total population. It is one of the three Sotho languages, with Sesotho sa Leboa and Setswana.
Most (44.6%) Sesotho speakers live in the Free State. The inner curve of this bean-shaped province fits around the northwest border of Lesotho, a country where Sesotho and English are the official languages. Over a third (36.2%) of all Sesotho-speaking South Africans live in Gauteng. Some 5.2% live in North West.
This film, set against the stirring words of the Preamble of the United Nations Charter, premiered to an audience of Heads of States from around the world. Fanfare incorporates six languages and incorporates cutting-edge drone footage and breathtaking aerial photography with an inspiring original symphonic score.
Your doctor may talk to you about lifestyle changes, including changing what and how you eat and how you sit and stand up. Your doctor may also recommend compression stockings if you stand for long periods.
Plaintiff is a magna cum laude, 1989 Interamerican University graduate, with an Education major in the English Education Program. The program, approved by Puerto Rico's Council on Higher Education as offered by Interamerican, was at all times structured and taught in English. Plaintiff, an English-monolingual U.S. citizen, pursued her studies to work as a teacher in Puerto Rico. At the time of her May 1989 graduation, Puerto Rico was officially a bilingual jurisdiction, where Spanish and English were the two recognized languages. 1 L.P.R.A. 51.[1] Such bilingualism was logical, respecting for eighty-nine years the blend between the various characteristics that made Puerto Rico a Commonwealth of the United States through a voluntary accord between the federal government and Puerto Rico. The local government of Puerto Rico was free to manage its own affairs, while at the same time linked to the United States and, hence, a part of the federal political structure. See Historical Documents, Federal Relations and Constitution, Vol. I, Laws of Puerto Rico Annotated, Equity Publishing Company (1982 ed.).
Any language can be identified as an essential characteristic of a particular national group. For a characteristic to be considered synonymous with any group in the equal protection context, it must be immutable. Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677, 686, 93 S. Ct. 1764, 1770, 36 L. Ed. 2d 583 (1973). While language can be considered a mutable characteristic,[10] it has immutable aspects. New languages can be learned and old ones forgotten; however, the knowledge of a language, insofar as it is an ethnic characteristic, leaves identifiable traces like accents, surnames, and behavior patterns. Olagues v. Russoniello, 797 F.2d 1511, 1520-21 (9th Cir.1986), cert. granted, 481 U.S. 1012, 107 S. Ct. 1885, 95 L. Ed. 2d 493 later proceedings, 484 U.S. 806, 108 S. Ct. 52, 98 L. Ed. 2d 17 (1987), vacated as moot, 832 F.2d 131 (9th Cir. 1987) ("Just as persons of different ethnic groups are distinguished by surnames ... persons of different nationalities are often distinguished by a foreign language."). Where these traces are used to discriminate against a certain group, language becomes an indicia of national origin. Discrimination against a group because of linguistic characteristics which identify them as being of a certain national origin should be examined in the most careful possible manner.
[8] E.g., 42 U.S.C. 2000d (1982) (prohibiting discrimination based on national origin in programs receiving federal financial assistance); 42 U.S.C. 1971-1974 (1982) (extended coverage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to include language minorities); 20 U.S.C. 3281-3341 (1988) (provided financial assistance to local programs designed to assist children and adults whose first language is not English); 28 U.S.C. 1827(d) (1982) (requires use of interpreters in courtroom); 42 U.S.C. 254b(f) (3) (J) (1982) (use of foreign languages in federally-funded migrant and community health centers); 42 U.S.C. 4577(b) (3) (1982) (use of foreign languages at federally-funded alcohol abuse centers). Many of these laws were built upon court decisions recognizing the rights of language minorities in important areas like voting, education, and access to social services.
[10] According to many English-only proponents, languages can be learned, which places the burden on the monolingual individual. For some individuals, however, language is not a mutable characteristic. See Califa, Declaring English the Official Language: Prejudice Spoken Here, 24 Harv.C.R.-C.L.L.Rev. 293, 335 n. 262 (1989). In the above article, the author cites a study which suggested that for immigrants above a certain age language was immutable because they were incapable of learning a new language. The author goes on to suggest that language should be treated as a suspect class in the way that alienage is treated as a suspect class. Alienage is not immutable because aliens can become citizens, but presumably the barriers to citizenship are considerable. Similarly, the difficulty of learning a new language makes speakers of the nonmajority language a vulnerable group during the period of their transition to majority language speakers.
[15] It should be noted that the Fifth Circuit has ruled the other way on exactly this issue. García v. Gloor, 618 F.2d 264, 270 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1113, 101 S. Ct. 923, 66 L. Ed. 2d 842 (1981). In this case, the court differentiated between true bilinguals and functional monolinguals. It said: "National origin must not be confused with ethnic or sociocultural traits or an unrelated status, such as citizenship or alienage ... or poverty ... or with activities not connected with national origin like labor agitation." Id. at 269. But even this court found that language could be an indicia of national origin: "To a person who speaks only one tongue or to a person who has difficulty using another language than the one spoken in his home, language might well be an immutable characteristic like skin color, sex or place of birth." Id. at 270. It went on to say: "Differences in language and other cultural attributes may not be used as a fulcrum for discrimination. However, the English-only rule, as applied by Gloor to Mr. Garcia, did not forbid cultural expression to persons for whom compliance with it might impose hardship." Id. The court was not willing to establish a right to use one's first language. The plaintiff in that case was fluent in both languages and objected to his employer's rule that only English be spoken during work. This is distinguishable from a situation where the individual affected is monolingual.
I think some accounts have multiple people using them and stacking up XP. I thought I was going to be No. 1 this week in the Diamond league and all of sudden in the last 4 hours, someone showed up and skyrocketed to 5000 XP. In the last 15 min. they've racked up 795XP. What gives? According to their profile, they're studying 42 languages and have a total of 2,483,924XP, a 726-day streak, and 102 top 3 finishes. They're following 18 people and have 239 followers. Something doesn't smell right about this. 2ff7e9595c
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